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Oregon State Penitentiary (OSP), sometimes called Oregon State Prison, is a maximum security prison in Oregon, United States. Opened in 1851, the 2,242 capacity prison is the oldest prison in the state. The all-male facility is located in Salem and is operated by the Oregon Department of Corrections. OSP contains Oregon's death row, which houses most of the 37 people awaiting execution in Oregon. It also contains an intensive management wing, which is being transformed into a psychiatric facility for mentally ill prisoners throughout Oregon. ==History== Prior to the construction of prisons in Oregon, many people convicted of crimes were either hanged or pardoned.〔Bancroft, ''History of Oregon'' (1888), pp. 155–156.〕 Oregon State Penitentiary was originally built in Portland in 1851. Operating this facility proved difficult because it spanned two blocks, with a city street running through the middle. In 1859, the facility was leased to private contractors (Robert Newell and L. N. English), who instituted a system of prison labor. This new system led to many escapes.〔Bancroft, ''History of Oregon'' (1888), pp. 644–645.〕〔 In 1866 the state officially moved the penitentiary to a site in Salem, enclosed by a reinforced concrete wall averaging in height. The prison also began using a device called the "Gardner shackle" (later called the "Oregon Boot"), a heavy metal device attached to prisoners' legs to impede movement.〔 Escapes continued at the new facility, despite the wall and the Boot. The most famous of these occurred in 1902, when Harry Tracy and David Merrill killed three guards with a gun.〔 Details about this period can be read in ''Thirteen Years in Oregon State Penitentiary'', a book written by Joseph "Bunko" Kelly. Kelly describes scenes of extreme brutality, particularly floggings, which he recounts happening to whites, Blacks, Indians, and a Chinese "half boy and half woman". He describes negligent doctors and a lack of mental health care, and complains that whiskey drinking affects the behavior of the guards. He also identifies a five-year period in which the warden stopped newspaper deliveries to prevent convicts from learning of pardons.〔Joseph "Bunko" Kelly, ''Thirteen Years in Oregon State Penitentiary'', 1908.〕 The prison announced in 1904 that it would end the use of flogging, and instead punish prisoners by spraying them with cold water from a garden hose.〔"Oregon Water Cure: As Administered in Penitentiary It Proves Better Than Flogging", ''Washington Post'' (from the ''Portland Oregonian''), 26 August 1904, p. 11; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 The prison experimented briefly in 1917–1918 with an "honor system" in which 130 prisoners were paroled with certain conditions. The prisoners were released into jobs outside the prison during the daytime. After 66 of these absconded, Governor James Withycombe announced that he would find a way for them to work jobs within the prison facility.〔"Honor System in the Oregon Prison", ''Christian Science Monitor'', 24 August 1918; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 In the 1920s, the Penitentiary created a flax plant which employed more than half of its inmates. Inmates worked on construction and in the fields, and were paid $0.50–$1.00 per day. The plant was touted nationally as a way to the prison financially self-sustaining, and to rehabilitate prisoners by giving them something to do and preparing them to work.〔"Oregon State Penitentiary Finds Work Proves Its Worth: Flax Works, Flax Works, Chief Industry at Oregon State, Nationally Known" ''Christian Science Monitor'', 21 April 1926, p. 5A; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 In 1925, OSP had the largest flax scutching mill in the world, with 175 workers producing 100–150 tons of flax per day.〔"Prisoners Share in Profits of Large Oregon Flax Mill: Convicts Work Without Armed Guards—Product Said to Equal That of Canada, Ireland, Belgium", ''Christian Science Monitor,8 August 1925; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 With assistance from the federal Bureau of Education, OSP ran a unique and successful adult education program during the same era.〔"Prisoners Eager to Learn to Improve Life by Study", ''Christian Science Monitor'', 8 November 1926; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 With Prohibition in effect, 80 of the prison's 575 inmates at this time were moonshiners.〔"Eighty Moonshiners In Oregon Prison: All Are 45 To 55 Years Old--Violent Crimes Laid To Younger Men", ''Baltimore Sun'', 18 July 1926; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 Nine prisoners were shot in a 1926 riot beginning in the prison cafeteria.〔"9 Convicts Shot to Quell Riot in Oregon Prison", ''Chicago Daily Tribune'', 17 February 1926; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 Seven hundred inmates were involved in a riot on August 1, 1936, in response to a court ruling that made it more difficult for prisoners to be released after serving their minimum sentence. The riot was put down by armed guards; one prisoner, Thomas Baughn, was killed and two were wounded.〔"Oregon Convicts Riot Over Ruling on Releases", ''Christian Science Monitor'', 1 August 1936; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕〔"Tear-Gas Threats Quell Prison Riot", ''Baltimore Sun'' (AP), 1 August 1936; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 After being deprived of their weapons (and of food, in punishment), prisoners began to break windows and throw projectiles from their cells.〔"700 Howl in Cells at Oregon Prison: Convicts Break Windows and Bang Doors as Warden Refuses Food After Riot ", ''New York Times'', 2 August 1936; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 Inmates at OSP attempted a mass escape in December 1951, after receiving weapons from a sympathetic guard. The plan was foiled by an informant, John Edward Ralph, who was quickly transferred to Folsom Prison for his own protection.〔"Toughest 'Canary' Gets Parole So Pen Pals Can't Kill Him", ''Baltimore Sun'', 28 February 1952; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 Unrest continued through 1952 with civil disobedience and more escape attempts.〔"16 'Strike' in Oregon Prison", ''New York Times'', 1 November 1952; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕〔"(Oregon Prison Escape Foiled )", ''Lewiston Morning Tribune (AP), 29 October 1952.〕 Over 1300 prisoners conducted an eight-day hunger strike in August to protest alleged brutality of a guard named Morris Race.〔"(1310 Convicts Skip Meals; 40 Give In )", ''Spokane Daily Chronicle'', 20 August 1951.〕〔"(Convicts Back At Work At Oregon Prison )", News and Courier, 24 August 1951.〕 In October 1952, an escape attempt involving armed conflict with guards was suppressed with gunfire.〔"(Oregon Prison Break Nipped: 300 Convicts Demand Chance to Confer with Stevenson )", ''Spokane Daily Chronicle'' (AP), 28 October 1952.〕 On January 1, 1953, prison officials announced the discovery of an escape tunnel being dug by prisoner Robert Green. The tunnel was 12 feet underground and 50 feet long, reaching within 15 feet of the world outside OSP walls.〔"Escape Tunnel Discovered in Oregon Prison", ''Chicago Daily Tribune'', 2 January 1953, p. 5; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 A major insurrection erupted in July 1953 when prisoners stopped working, on strike for better food and medical care.〔 They barricaded themselves in the cafeteria. Under instructions from Warden Clarence T. Gladden, guards used tear gas to prevent the prisoners from reaching food supplies. The angry prisoners gained control of most of the prison and started fires in the flax plant, laundry room, tailor room, and machine shop.〔"Convict Rebellion Still On in Oregon: 800 Prisoners Forced Behind Fences After Fires Are Set—Gas Clears Commissary", ''New York Times'', 12 July 1953, p. 55; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 Ultimately the prisoners were subdued by guards with tear gas, shotguns, and rifles.〔"1100 in Prison Riot Corralled In Ball Park", ''Washington Post'', 12 July 1953, p. M16; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 1100 Rebels were confined to a baseball diamond without food or water, with Warden Gladden saying they would stay there until "I am sure they are repentant".〔"Prison Rebels In Oregon Toss in Towel", ''Washington Post'', 13 July 1936; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 They stayed on the diamond for two days and one night, until twenty ringleaders identified by prison authorities were surrendered, and prisoners agreed to be individually searched.〔"1,000 Convicts End Revolt At State Prison In Oregon", ''Baltimore Sun'', 13 July 1953, p. 1; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 In what may have been the first gender confirmation surgery officially conducted in a prison, a DMAB prisoner changed her sex to female, through surgery and hormones, in a period prior to release in 1965.〔"Inmate's Sex Is Changed in Oregon Prison", ''Chicago Tribune'' (AP), 4 October 1965, p. A11; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 Discontent continued in the 1960s. The public became aware that only 200 of the 1200 inmates at OSP actually had sentences calling for maximum security incarceration; yet all inmates were treated according to maximum security standards. Prisoners continued to complain about medical care, dental care, and visitation rights.〔"(Unlikely Gladden entirely to blame for prison riot )", ''The Bulletin'', 11 March 1968.〕 Unrest culminated in March 1968, in an uprising which began with a surprise takeover of the prison's control center.〔Paul W. Harvey, Jr., "(Big Shelter Problem Faced at Riot-Torn Oregon Prison )", ''Spokane Daily Chronicle'', 11 March 1968.〕 700 prisoners took control of the facility, started a fire in the flour shop, and held 40 guards and prison employees hostage.〔"700 Convicts Riot at Oregon Prison", ''New York Times'', 10 March 1960, accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 The hostages were freed after prison officials announced the resignation of Warden Gladden (then 73 years old), as well as immunity for the rioters.〔Lawrence E. Davies, "Oregon Convicts Win Concessions; Revolt Ends, Guards Freed", ''New York Times'', 11 March 1968; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 Prisoners were criticized for damaging facilities that supported them.〔"(Convicts Easy Winners )?", ''Spokane Daily Chronicle'', 13 March 1968.〕 Ron Schmidt, press secretary of Governor Tom McCall, said: "It's pure devastation. The men destroyed everything that was of any benefit to them."〔"(Oregon Inmates Riot and Force Reforms, Warden's Resignation )", ''Lodi News-Sentinel'' (AP), 11 March 1968.〕 Two inmates were stabbed during the riot: Delmar DuBray, 30, was stabbed in the right kidney; Melvin Newell, 36, was stabbed in the abdomen and groin. In November 1968, a work stoppage by 81 prisoners in the laundry room was controlled by guards with clubs, and the prisoners placed in isolation〔"Prison Sitdown Ended", ''New York Times'', 6 November 1968; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 Also in 1968, OSP inmates founded UHURU, an organization dedicated to Afro-American culture, history, and community service. Although the prison establishment was skeptical at first, UHURU gained official support and had a membership of several hundred in 1982.〔Joe Brown, "UHURU: Its History", ''The Skanner'', 16 May 1979; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 OSP prisoners were politically active in the following decades, holding forums on politics〔Larry Baker, "Imprisoned: Political forum 'success'", ''The Skanner'', 5 May 1982; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 and communicating with the Oregon NAACP. OSP began to recruit Black staff in 1981 in response to pressure from activist Black prisoners.〔"Corrections Division recruits minorities", ''The Skanner'', 24 June 1981; accessed (via ProQuest ).〕 In September 1988, 28 female inmates at the Oregon Correctional Center staged a sit-down protest that prison Superintendent Robert H. Scheidler described as the first of its kind in the facility's history. On October 1, between four and eight women staged a hunger strike—inmate Jody Bedell fasted for 24 days before ending the strike. Both the sit-down protest and hunger strike were meant to call attention to overcrowding, poor medical care, inadequate education programs and the shortage of showers and laundry machines. At the time, the prison was built for 80 women but was housing over 140 women and had only one shower for every 43 inmates. The women who participated in the hunger strike were ordered to spend a year in a segregation unit and were fined $214.〔Sarah B. Ames "Protests Put Women's Prison in Spotlight", ''Oregonian'', 31 October 1988; accessed (via Newsbank )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Oregon State Penitentiary」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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